The Controversial Documents: Telling the Untold Through a Letter

By Bhea Malabanan and Trisha Salloman

December 19, 2024

© Jelson Seckler Tiu: Written by Rizal during his Dapitan exile.

Dear Readers,

We are writing to provide an academic summary of the controversies surrounding the life and works of Dr. Jose Rizal, as highlighted in Module 6 of the Life and Works of Rizal (LIFERIZ). These controversies shed light on the complexities of Rizal’s character, his writings, and his historical context, providing a deeper understanding of the national hero’s legacy.

1. Makamisa as Rizal’s Third Novel Ambeth Ocampo revealed that during Rizal's stay in Hong Kong in 1892 he began writing a novel in Tagalog, later restarting it in Spanish. Initially the manuscript was mistakenly filed as drafts of the "Noli Me Tangere," and was eventually recognized as "Makamisa," an unfinished work. This discovery revises the Rizal canon and showcases his attempt to continue his literary endeavors despite challenges.

2. Marriage to Josephine Bracken The relationship of Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken remains controversial since in one of Rizal's last letters, he referred to Bracken as his “dear and unhappy wife," which raises questions about the nature and legitimacy of their union, whether it was formalized or not. Some accounts suggest that they were married in a Catholic ceremony right before Rizal's execution, while others argue that their union was not officially recognized due to lack of conclusive evidence or approval from the Spanish clergy, who were often at odds with Rizal.

3. The Authorship of “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” Even Though Rizal is often credited with this poem, doubts regarding his authorship have remained over time, raising questions about its origins and attribution. One of the key points fueling the controversy is its exclusion from Jaime C. de Veyra’s authorized compilation of Rizal’s poetry, a notable omission that raises questions regarding its legitimacy.

4. Rizal’s Stance on Revolution Rizal’s position on the revolution has sparked debate. Although he advocated for reform, his portrayal of Simoun in “El Filibusterismo” suggests a nuanced perspective on the use of violence for societal change. Critics argue that Rizal’s repudiation of armed rebellion stemmed from a belief in moral integrity and peaceful reform.

5. Rizal vs. Bonifacio The ideological comparison between Rizal and Andres Bonifacio often leads to divisive debates. Ocampo contends that such comparisons are unproductive, emphasizing the importance of recognizing both heroes for their unique contributions to the nation’s history.

6. Allegations of Womanizing Rizal’s relationships with various women have fueled allegations of womanizing. His letter to his brother Paciano in 1883 reflects his observations on the women he encountered in Europe, revealing a more human and personal side to the hero that continues to intrigue scholars and the public alike.

7. Rizal’s Weaknesses Historians like Renato Constantino critique Rizal for failing to empathize fully with the sentiments of the masses. His rejection of rebellion might indicate an underestimation of the people’s capacity to drive change from below, a perspective that adds complexity to his legacy.

These controversies highlight the multifaceted nature of Rizal’s life and works, encouraging ongoing inquiry and discussion. By examining these unresolved issues, we gain a richer understanding of Rizal not just as a hero, but as a person shaped by his time, choices, and circumstances.

Sincerely,

Authors